Equatorial Climate:
It's located in the Equator, between 5º north and 5º south exactly. There is not a dry season or a wet season but anyway some months can be drier than others.
Temperatures are high and constant, with an annual range of 2ºC approximately, because the sun is always at a high angle in the sky. In adittion, the climate stays wet during the whole year, with an average rainfall of 2000/2500 mm. The most important characteristic of this climate is it's daily pattern. By midday temperatures can reach 33ºC, so air goes up and starts creating clouds with the moisture it brings. In the afternoon, this clouds are turned into "Cumulonimbus" and they precipitate in long thunderstorms. When the night reaches rain had stopped. This cycle occurs every day, and that's why it's called "daily pattern".
Tropical (interior) continental climate:
The tropical continental climate, also named tropical interior climate, is located inside the continent, away from coasts, between 5º and 15º north and south of the Equator. The difference with the Equatorial climate is that this one has a big change between the cool and dry season and the hot and wet season. In the first one mentioned before the sun is overhead to the opposite hemisphere making temperature to decrease and the incoming winds take away all the moisture left by the other season. Nevertheless in the hot and wet season as the sun points directly to the land temperatures increase producing high precipitations. Both seasons are a result of the sun positioning.
Monsoon Climate:
Monsoon means "seasons" which refers to the two main seasons in this climates: the south-west monsoon and the north-east monsoon. The south-west monsoon is located in the north of the Himalayas, where its very hot as the sun hits directly this region. As a consequence, air goes up and a region of low pressure is created.
When moisture reach the mountains the air goes up and reaches the atmosphere it cools and it precipitates. However, the north-east monsoon is created when the sun heats to the south instead of heating the north. In this way an area of high pressure is formed at the north of the Himalayas so winds try to "escape". This winds come from the land as a result they are dry what means that they don't produce rainfalls. This two seasons are determined by the reversal in the wind direction. This climate is located in South-east region of Asia.
Hot desert climate:
Hot deserts are located on the west side of the continents between 5 and 30 degrees north and south from the Equator. This climate have a high evapotranspiration that is the evaporated water from plants, animals, land and oceans. Furthermore this regions have high temperatures when the sun hits them directly and lower temperatures when the sun is in the opposite hemisphere. In adittion, coastal areas are cooler due to the influence of the sea and the offshore currents. While the inland temperatures can reach 50ºC during the day during the night temperatures are extremely cold because there aren't clouds to retain the heat. Also deserts have scarce precipitation of approximately 250/300 mm for two reasons: Cold winds come from the sea with no or little moisture, and the winds come from the lands so they don't bring any moisture either or if not winds have to cross mountain ranges, creating rain shadows.
Cold Climates:
The cold climates can be found in the northern hemisphere poleward side 60º north from the Equator. In this climate winters are extremely cold with almost no day-light and short summers with long hours of day-light which create high temperatures. Precipitations aren't heavy because, as the air is freezing, its not able to retain moisture and as these regions are far away from the sea, winds don't carry moist. Due to this precipitations, rain fall as snow or sometimes, even as hail.
